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Chemotherapy, one of the foremost treatments for breast cancer, uses strong drugs to destroy cancer cells in our body. It is a systematic treatment as it affects the total body system. Usually given after the surgery, it annihilates any cancer cells left in the body or have moved into the parts of the body. It can be applied before the surgery to diminish the size of the tumors.Chemotherapy is very efficacious because it attacks cancer cells which are in disarray and divide themselves and are unstable. They dont have the fuel to repair themselves. Before planning for chemotherapy the doctor examines the qualities of the type of cancer the size of the tumor and if it has spread to other parts of the body or not from the original area.

In chemotherapy different drugs are combines according to the individual situation, as different drugs will react with cancer in different ways. The aim of this therapy is to give the most effective treatment at the beginning stage. Either it can be administered intravenously or through pills. It is an out patient facility ranging between four to eight times from three to six months.

The side effects of this powerful treatment have been reduced considerably but one cannot avoid certain reactions like hair loss, nausea, vomiting, fatigue, sores in the mouth, diarrhea, aching muscles and joints, menopausal symptoms, and hazy memory. The nurses and care givers will give ideas to deal with the problems. They will be anxious that you understand what is happening in your system.The problem starts from the fact that certain parts of our body have healthy and quickly dividing cells. This is our natural immune system. Chemotherapy acts on these cells and hence the side effects on the mouth, hair, nails, vagina and intestines. After chemotherapy is completed they become normal.In some exceptional case chemotherapy causes infertility. Have an open and frank discussion with your oncologist for an over all treatment plan. There is much progress in chemotherapy to make it as comfortable as possible for the cancer patient.

Though not as common as basal and squamous carcinomas, malignant melanoma is much more serious. Here the tumor develops from the deeper layers of the skin that have pigment producing cells called melanocytes. They gather together and form moles on our skin. Though most moles are benign fifty percent of them are connected to moles. These oddly shaped moles are called dysplastic nevi and fore runners to skin cancer.

Melanoma can start with an oddly shaped mole as well as with a brown or black freckle type spot on the surface of the skin. The colors could be red, white or blue. The spot on the skin will be changing.The four types of melanomas, mainly, vary from one another in their characteristics. Superficial spreading melanoma the most common type affects women often and is about two things of all melanomas diagnosed. It can surface as a new spot or the existing one will grow irregularly. It is asymmetrical generally.

The second is Acral lentiginous melanoma with dark skinned people the spots having a flat dark surface with raised bumpy dark brown or black spot. They are all on the soles of the feet, the palms of the hands, the mucous membranes, or the nail beds of the toes or fingers.When the underlying skin tissue is affected first without surfacing on the skin, it is Nodular Melanoma. It is more frequent in men than women. The lumps or lesions on the skin will look like blood blisters, with varying white and blue black colors This cancer can metastasize and spread to the lymph nodes and other parts of the body.

Lentigo maligna melanoma shows lesions on the sun exposed areas of the body like the face, ear or neck. This is because of a very long exposure to the sun and occurs rarely before the age of fifty. A non cancerous lentigo maligna appears before it and warns us of its attack. Women are more affected with this than men.

Over exposure to the suns UV rays causes malignant melanoma. There is also high risk when exposed to tanning booths. Essentially these rays spoil the genetic material that generates cells causing tissue damage. The cells repair system is changed making it vulnerable to cancer of the skin.Genetic factors cause vulnerability as the cells lose the power of repairing themselves. They have greater than the average number of mole and run the very high risk of contracting skin cancers. Finally early detection, awareness and treatment are the key factors always.

When you concentrate on diet and nutrition you can make sure you look good overall including having healthy skin and nails to your weight and health as well. Nevertheless, it is tough to start off and the knowledge of where to start of from.

You must keep away fro fad diets and start learning to have certain healthy and positive lifestyle modifications that will prove to be fruitful for many years to come. The latter part of this document deals certain ways to learn about diet and nutrition to live a long and happy life.

Learn About Diet and Nutrition

When you talk to a doctor you will get to know about the facts of diet and nutrition. There are certain healthy cooking classes that can prove to be vital with regards to your health. A doctor is well aware about healthy living and can suggest a lot when it comes to diet and nutrition.

Books on Diet and Nutrition

The one way of acquiring knowledge on diet and nutrition is through books that you will easily find at a bookstore or library. The point is to look into books that offer information on diet and nutrition and not advices on fats because you need things to be as basic as possible so that it becomes easier for you to diet. When you get aware of the food and its benefits, you can then go in for getting advices and looking into philosophies. However, you must be strong with your basics on diet and nutrition.

The Internet Another Good Source of Information

On the Internet you can get loads of information on diet and nutrition from blogs, social networking sites, etc. You need not just focus on recipes but can also connect with different people this way.

Prostate cancer is one the most widespread diseases affecting more of the mens population in the US. When a cancerous tumor develops in the prostate glands cells then a person is diagnosed to have prostate cancer. Moreover, prostate cancer is considered the second top disease that is proving to be fatal to ones health but the number one position goes to lung cancer of all cancerous diseases.

A person suffers from cancer when his/her cell genes are marred and they consequently split and slowly multiply which can pose many health hazards. But the worst part of the whole thing is that when a cancerous process is taking place in a persons prostate glands he is not aware of it for years because it does not show any symptoms or manifestation of prostate cancer.

Treatments Can Stall The Problem For A While

Prostate cancer springs up gradually, over a period of time and for sure does not happen all of a sudden. The main cause of prostate cancer can be linked to the ever changing structure and activities of the cells. According to statistics, African Americans have all the probability to contract this type of cancer when compared to other ethnic groups. Those who have a family history of prostate cancer are at a greater chance to develop the disease, much before their fiftieth birthday celebration.

The prostate cancer treatment is personalized according to the patients requirement and the severity of the condition. The treatment differs from person to person because of the fact that the therapy reacts in different way with different people. But you can always rely on antibiotics and even non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs and at times muscle relaxants as well as chronic pain relievers can be of some help.

It is always advised to get the right treatment for prostate cancer as soon as one discovers the problem. This is because people can increase their life expectancy and get the best pain relief to live a better life. Unfortunately the treatments cannot eliminate this health problem completely but with the right treatment option for prostate cancer one can lead a healthy sex life. Although the treatment process is not distressing the patient may suffer from diarrhea or dry skin and may also have trouble urinating for a while after undergoing prostate cancer therapy.

The doctor generally suggests a prostate cancer surgery to cure the diseases. Even those who hesitate to undergo surgeries make the maximum benefit from a prostate cancer surgery option.

The good news is that prostate cancer is not destructive at all times and only a few below fifty are influenced by the disease. One must understand that prostate cancer is completely different from other types of cancer because it plagues at a snail’s pace. Despite the fact that there are a few cases where the caner has killed many people, it can be said that prostate cancer is not a deadly disease.

Many people start sweating at the mere mention of male prostate exam and develop inhibitions to talk on the subject. Majority of men have no idea why a male prostate exam is important. One should realize that this is a crucial medical procedure that a person should undergo in any case before 50 years of age to check ones health condition. Male prostate exam is the simplest and quickest method to find out the prostate health. This test is significant in a mans life just like the mammogram performed for women.

Know Why A Male Prostate Exam Is Important

Are you aware of the fact that you may be suffering from a mysterious disease that does not show any symptom of growth but is slowly eating all your parts from within? This is where a male prostate exam comes into play which makes it easy to identify these hidden diseases. When the cells present in the prostate gland get infected or damaged it forms cancerous lumps and slowly grow day by day. Finally the cancerous infection multiplies affecting the nearby organs and tissues. If the condition is not identified and treated in its initial stages the caner grows bigger plaguing other vital organs and also enters into the circulatory system and next into the lymph node system. The process taking place in side the body may be at a snails pace but when the condition is left untreated it can cause permanent damage and finally lead to death well ahead of their actual expiry time.

But male prostate exam makes things easier for men to find out the health of their prostate which otherwise cannot be discover. Men who have crossed 70 years of age are very much susceptible to prostate cancer and show 80% risk of death due to this disease. However, aging is one of the major factors that contribute to the development of prostate cancer and also help in its growth. Dietary habits, genes and ethnic group of a person are considered as the major factors that decide whether the individual is likely to contract the disease or not. Even though the right diet and a decent lifestyle can prevent the development of the disease, the earlier the condition is detected the higher are the chances to survive a quality life.

People can forbid such prostate cancerous growths with the help of many effective and easy to do methods. One of such prostate prevention techniques is to keep a check on the diet which should contain foods that are rich in vitamin A, vitamin E and provitamin A. Researches even believe that the number of ejaculations is directly related to the occurrence of cancer in a person though this theory is just a belief and has not yet been proved.

The main aim of a male prostate exam is to identify the problem as early as possible and then recommend the right treatment on time. Since the number of mortality rates due to prostate cancer is growing high it is advised to get a male prostate exam done as soon as a man turns thirty five years of age and get the best of the treatment options to lead a healthy life.

Palm-Hand Infection. Infections deep within the palm, or under the thumb are very serious. They are usually started by perforating injuries from needles, pins and other sharp objects. About a day after the perforating injury, the palm becomes thickened, hot and painful and red streaks are often seen ascending the arm as a danger signal that infection is spreading.

These deep palm infections can be extremely serious and should be treated without delay. The physician might start antibiotic therapy, hot, wet dressings, or might recommend an immediate incision and drainage of the infection.
Finger and Nail Infection. Infection around the nail border, called a paronychia, often develops from a hangnail or small cut on the finger tip. It might present a boil-like appearance along one side of the nail, or occasionally spread around the entire nail, and undermine it with pus.

Prevention of nail infections means reasonable hand protection,

Fig. 151. Finger infections about the nail, or deep in the finger portion, may ascend into the hand and arm. They should always be attended early to afford relief from pain as well as spread of infection.

prevention of digging or pulling at hangnails and the intelligent cleaning and covering of small, unimportant cuts on the fingers. Once a paronychia is started, the physician usually recommends warm water soaking, and avoidance of all possible trauma to the infected site. With the appearance of a boil-like head, with obvious pus underneath, a sterile incision and drainage is in order, but the possibility of a spreading infection in this region demands that no one but the physician perform this operation. The pain, almost always present, is usually bad enough to encourage the patient to visit the physician.

Infection in the pad of the finger tips, looking like a deep-seated boil is caused by pin sticks and other perforating injuries about the ends of the fingers. They are called felons and are excruciatingly painful, very disabling, and serious.

Treatment of a felon infection demands surgical incision and drainage of the pus from its enclosed casing within the fingertip. They occasionally respond to the physician’s conservative treatment of antibiotics and warm water soaking, but neglect of such an infection, or crude attempts at home operation, often result in serious life long damage to the finger or entire hand.

The Upper Extremities

Examination of the Upper Extremities

Examination of the shoulders, arms, forearms and hands requires that the upper extremities and chest be unclothed, and that an adequate, stationary mirror and light be used.

1. Examine the movements of the hands and fingers. Note the joints with soreness or limited motion in flexing and extending the finger joints and wrist joints. Observe also any joint swelling or deformity about the finger joints, frequently indicating degenerative arthritis.

2. Examine the elbow motion. Observe any painful inability to straighten the elbows completely, or to completely twist the wrists. Such inabilities again point to possibilities of arthritis.

3. Examine the movement of the shoulder. In a standing position slowly raise the straightened arm outward from the
thigh to the horizontal position. Swing the arms forward to join in front and then backwards as far as possible. Note any pain in the shoulder joints during this action, as a probable finding of arthritis or bursitis.

4. Observe the degree of steadiness of the hands. Note especially any tremor of the fingers when held in a relaxed position, and also in a stiffened spread-out position. Tremors of the hands and fingers may mean neurological diseases,
such as Parkinsonism.

5. Examine the reflexes present in the hands. Place each hand in cold running water for a few minutes, then withdraw it and observe any severe continuous blanching of the skin, with a long delay in return of color to the hands. Severe blanching may indicate Raynaud’s Disease. Now determine the strength of the grip in each hand by squeezing the
opposite wrist in turn. A great discrepancy of strength be tween the right and left grip could be a first indication of
neurological disease.

6. Examine the hand for infection. Squeeze the palms and the back of the hands for painful swelling or redness of the skin in this region, or in the web of the thumb. These are the sites for serious hand-palm infection.

7. Examine the fingernails for infection. Observe any infected boil-like areas alongside the fingernail with any redness, swelling or pain in the fingers. Possible infections in the fingertips and about the nails are felons or nail infections.

Fig. 146. Arthritis in the hands and fingers may produce the gnarled and weakened appearance so typical of long-standing rheumatoid arthritis extending into later years of life.

Ingrown Toenail. In later years the toenails may become hardened, thickened, and sometimes very irregular. This, however, does not constitute an ingrown toenail. The ingrown process occurs only after the nail has been trimmed back too far, and then grows forward against the skin in front of it. The nail grows into this skin much as a needle would, and the penetration of skin in a contaminated region like the toe, often results in a painful infection, accompanied by pus formation and bleeding.

Ingrown toenails can be prevented by allowing the end of the toenail to grow beyond the end of the toe. Once a toenail has been cut too short, and it starts growing into the skin in front of it, the nail must be mechanically elevated from the skin, by cotton packing or other measures. These relief measures are undertaken frequently in an infected area, and should be attempted only by physicians or foot specialists trained in the treatment of ingrown toenails.

Hip Fractures. One of the unfortunate calamities of later years is fracture of the hip, incurred through accidental falls. The

BROKEN HIP

Fig. 144. The broken hip is the most feared fracture of later years. This is because of the brittleness of the bone and the fact that most falls are onto the hip area.

Fig. 145. Surgical repair of a broken hip is effective with the use of a “nail” pinning the bone together across the fracture line. This is a most satisfactory treatment in an otherwise very difficult fracture.

hip can be broken at any age, but is more liable to occur during later years when the bones become weaker. Youthful bones are tough and strong; they bend slightly and are hard to break. In age, however, the bones acquire a glass-like brittleness and shatter easily. The hip joint’s outer position makes it absorb considerable punishment in falls, and is therefore, a likely spot for a fracture. A broken bone at this site of course, means the entire leg is useless, since its sole body support must come through the hip joint itself.

Hip fractures can be nearly painless if the broken bones are rammed together and held impacted in a correct position. However, the usual broken hip renders the patient entirely helpless, because the bones are separated and there is severe pain in any kind of motion.

Treatment of a fractured hip, as in any fracture, requires the broken bones to be put together and held in place. There are several ways of doing this, but the most desired method today is nailing the bone fragments together. To do this, a special nail is driven down the inside of the bone through the bone marrow and through the line of fracture, threading the bone fragments together. This treatment has allowed many patients considerable relief of pain with early leg motion, and quicker return to normal activity. It must, of course, be undertaken by a physician with experience in repairing fractures.

In an ideal situation, all the people will be able to get the right food, eat right and stay healthy all through their life. Unfortunately, in real life situation the scenario is different and what we get today is fast foods, junk foods, and all other unhealthy options that can prove detrimental to our overall health.

With the fast food with in reach at arms length, many women tend to go for it and eventually spoil their health. Women in order to secure and maintain health, they should take various women’s health supplements without fail.

Out of the various identified women’s health supplements, calcium is considered as an important one. Women need calcium in their regular diet for healthy and strong bones, nice nails and healthy teeth. To make the job easy for women, calcium is made available as women’s health supplement in many ways.

Calcium taken as a Vitamin

The most easiest and convenient way of women taking calcium as women’s health supplement is taking it in the form of vitamin. It is easy to get calcium supplement in the form of vitamin from medical stores or even from supermarkets and through this relatively less expensive calcium vitamin women can fulfil their daily requirement of calcium in their diet. However, a word of caution is that women should consult the doctor before resorting to intake of any extra calcium to avoid any unanticipated risks.

Making Calcium as an integral part of Women’s Health Supplement in Food

Various food sources are rich in calcium content and food items such as milk, dairy products like cheese and ice creams serve as very good source for calcium. But the tricky situation here is that many women are allergic to lactose found in milk and milk-products and in such case due to lactose intolerance, women could not consume these high calcium content food items. A good alternative is the vegetable source and vegetables such as broccoli are very rich in digestive form of calcium.

In order to find out whether a woman is getting her daily requirement of calcium, you can simply evaluate her fingernails, as nails are the first one to show off any calcium deficiency. Quick breaking nails are an indication of calcium deficiency and the woman should start taking more of calcium in her diet regularly. On the contrary, in case of healthy nails, still the woman should take a good amount of calcium in her diet for healthy maintenance of bones and teeth.

The Uniqueness of Calcium in Women’s Health

Unlike any other vitamin or minerals, calcium as women’s health supplement is quite different, as calcium is needed for women at all ages. Calcium requirement is very vital for women when they approach their menopause stage to avoid any osteoporosis complication resulting from hormonal imbalance. Further, the uniqueness of calcium is that it is available in ample quantities in easily available sources such as milk, ice creams, and vegetable source such as broccoli.

Due to the risk of osteoporosis, women who have crossed the age of 50 years should get the bone density scan done on them and to decide on the further amount of calcium as supplement. Never do the mistake of assuming your daily intake of milk or ice cream as suffice for your calcium requirement. Contact your doctor and follow the calcium prescriptions without fail for a better health.

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This examination is best carried out lying on the back with the knees well bent and held wide apart. With good light and a large hand mirror, the external vagina and its component parts can be visualized easily.

Fig. 111. Much of the female genital system, excluding the vagina, is within the abdomen. Only the vaginal entrance is visible externally, without the aid of instruments.

1. Examine the skin of the vulva, the labia majora and minora, surrounding and enfolding the entrance of the vaginal vault. Note any irritation, redness, ulceration, or sore on these skin structures, along with areas of drying, leathery whitening or skin cracking. These possibilities may mean leukoplakia or cancer of the vulva.

2. Feel the labia themselves, and note any one-sided ball-like enlargement under the skin, creating a bulge which may possibly be sore. An enlargement here may be a Bartholin cyst.

3. Look closely at the condition of the urinary exit, the dimpled-like opening just inside of the entrance into the deeper vagina. Observe any polyp-like reddened or bleeding growth about it. The possibility here is a urethral
polyp or caruncle.

4. Examine closely the entrance of the true, or deep vagina. An irritated blanched and cracking skin, covered possibly with a coating of pus or streaked with blood, is the appearance of vaginitis when it occurs.

LABIA MAJORA
CLITORIS
LABIA MINORA
ORIFICE OF VAGINA
URINARY OPENING

Fig. 112. External female genitalia include only the unimportant skin folds about the vaginal entrance. The urinary tract exit is visible recessed into this region. Most diseases of the external genitals are not serious.

5. With a hand separating the labia on each side, strain with great effort as in child birth or at stool, and note any balloon-like or other structure from the vagina coming into view. Such structures may be a fallen bladder, called a cystocele, a fallen uterus, called a prolapsed uterus, or a fallen rectum, called a rectocele.

6. After gentle soap and water cleaning of the vagina and hands, insert one finger into the vagina and feel the rounded cervix, high in the vaginal vault. Normally, the tissue here is soft and smooth, and any grossly rough, ir
regular or bleeding areas may include the possibilities of cancer or cervicitis.

Keywords: Skin, Head, Eye, Ear, Cancer, Face, Lips, Teeth, Thyroid, Chest, Breast, Lungs, Heart, Nail, Asthma, Tongue, Neck, BP, Migraine, Scalp, Eczema, Shingles

Cancer of the Prostate Gland. Cancer of the prostate gland behaves exactly like non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate, and is treated in essentially the same manner-removal of the gland. Cancer, however, which has a characteristic feel to the finger, and a distinguishing appearance under the microscope, can spread to other sections of the body, just like any other cancer.

There is divided opinion about the prevalence of pros-tatic cancer, but some authorities state that nearly one-half of all males over sixty develop cancer in the prostate, of a low degree of malignancy.

The treatment of prostate cancer in addition to its removal, includes the use of hormones effective in slowing these growths considerably. Obviously such treatment is very technical and can be obtained only through a physician familiar with prostatic diseases.

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Growths of the Prostate. One of the most common and troublesome difficulties for males beyond the age of fifty is non-

Fig. 109. The prostate gland’s tendency to enlarge with age can cause great difficulty with urination. Because the narrow urinary channel runs through the prostate, pressure from an enlarging growth may completely blockade the urine’s outlet. Surgical removal cures the condition.

cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland which creates urinating difficulties known the world over. Developing gradually from an unknown cause, the symptoms begin as a slow starting stream of urine, which becomes greatly weakened and at times even dribbling. There might be a full minute or more of waiting before urination commences, and the weak urinary stream is only a faint shadow of the forceful stream of urination known in youth.

The enlarging prostate not only obstructs the urinary flow, but also makes nearly impossible complete emptying of the bladder which, like a half emptied glass of water, is refilled quickly. This makes frequent urination necessary, sleep is interrupted possibly five to ten times a night. With each urination, however, only a small portion of the urine present escapes from the overfilled bladder and the urge to urinate quickly returns. Several aids of doubtful value, in common practice to encourage urinating ability, include the psychological benefit of running water from a nearby faucet and sitting in a tub of warm water.

Prostate growth difficulties often follow an uneven course, worse one day than another, but progressive worsening may eventually find these people unable to urinate at all, and a state of semi-emergency arises. At this stage a mechanical drainage of urine from the bladder must be done by introducing a small tube through the urethra into the urinary bladder, to provide an orifice for the escape of the entrapped urine.

The permanent cure of prostate hypertrophy, calls for the mechanical removal of the prostate tissue which is squeezing and obstructing the urinary channel. This operation, called prostatectomy, is usually done directly through the urethra itself, by means of a slender electrical cautery specially devised for this purpose. Removal of the prostate gland, properly done, restores urinary function as known in youth. This operation does not interfere with sexual relations, so far as erection of the penis is concerned, but it does usually render a male sterile. As most prostate gland operations are done after fifty or sixty years of age, sterility is usually not of great concern.

Fig. 110. Once the prostate gland is removed, the urinary stream again becomes forceful.

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Prostate difficulties

Infection of the Prostate. Most prostate infections are incurred during youth in the active sexual years and are caused

PROSTATE NORMAL

Fig. 108. The prostate gland has a minor sexual and hormonal function. The urine must pass through the prostate gland as through a worm hole in an apple. An infection or growth may close this narrow channel.

by gonorrhea and similar infections. However, in later years, prostate infections are more often due to focal points of infection, such as the teeth or tonsils. When the prostate gland harbors infection, it tends to spread, not only into the urinary tract, but to the rest of the body as well. In youth, or in later years, prostate infection is very stubborn and difficult to eradicate completely. It is often the underlying cause of arthritis and headaches, and complete cure of this infection becomes very important.

Treatment of prostate infections cannot be accomplished by drinking large amounts of water, flushing the kidneys or other simple remedies. The complete cure of these infections is often very difficult and time consuming, even for the experienced physician who must direct the patient through many weeks of scheduled treatment before effective cure is certain.

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Erection Difficulties. After the age of fifty, varying with the individual, erection of the penis, and sexual activity, are not as frequent as in earlier years. Unusual episodes through the years, such as accidents may also affect this function considerably.

As a result of trauma, scar tissue can form on the penis and a painful erection called Peyronie’s Disease may result. The scar tissue along one side of the penis will not stretch, and creates a curve in the penis of such magnitude that intercourse is difficult or impossible. The scar tissue in these cases is very dense, and is similar to the scar contraction sometimes seen in the palm of hard-working men. Because the scar tends to contract, and has no ability to stretch, erection difficulty becomes very great and requires considerable medical skill for any kind of satisfactory treatment.

An erection that is normal except that it is painful and unrelated to sexual function is known as priapism. This difficulty is often seen in the later years of life, and is usually due to some body disease which affects the nervous system, the blood, or the penis itself. The treatment of priapism demands careful and complete physical examination to determine, if possible, the bodily disease responsible for this and perhaps other conditions.

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Scrotal Hernia, Rupture into the Scrotum. Long-standing hernias or ruptures frequently descend into the scrotum and create enlargement of the scrotal sac. When standing or straining, the mass appears to fall outside of the lower abdomen, underneath the skin, and find its way into the scrotum, which then may balloon-up to the size of an orange or more. Usually these enlargements return to the abdomen when lying down, or when pressure is placed under the enlargement in the scrotum.

Hernia is an age-old condition that has been treated by numerous means. The simplest thing to do is to wear a truss, but they are often exceptionally cumbersome, frequently quite painful and usually limit the physical ability through necessary tightness of the truss.

A truss will not heal a hernia, and any such claim is misleading. It is common to find men who have worn a truss twenty or more years in an attempt to “fix” their rupture, but they finally realize the hernia has been slowly enlarging all along. Only a few who wear a truss for hernia, are satisfied with the end results.

Other treatments for hernia have been injections of various waxes and sands into the hernia itself. This form of treatment has had occasional success, but more often produces undesirable results or makes the hernia condition even worse. Fortunately, these practices are almost extinct today.

Surgical operation for rupture is most satisfactory. There is complete healing, complete comfort, and a strengthened body wall usually follows the hernia operation. It is thought, that within six months of a surgical hernia repair, the repaired region will have grown stronger than the same region of the average person. These operations are not completely fool-proof, but it is by far the most satisfactory treatment available for hernia.

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Testicle Diseases-Absence, Pain, Tumors. Absence of the testicle at any age is nearly always a physical defect, present since childhood. It is usually an undescended testicle, which has remained unnoticed in the abdomen. Many men with just one external testicle have fathered several children, and have noticed no lack of virility through the absence of one testicle.

The atrophic, smaller size of one testicle, often noticed in adult men, is most often the result of serious virus infections in childhood-especially mumps. The smaller sized testicle remains the same throughout life, but has no significance so far as male hormone, virility, or sexual ability is concerned. The affection of both testicles in this manner, however, usually renders a man sterile.

Pain in the testicle is quite common, because it is a very sensitive organ, and trauma or other pressure causes immediate and severe pain. The sudden onset of unexplained severe pain of the testicle however, usually heralds an infection within the testicle or its tract, the epididymis, especially if accompanied by a mild blood discharge from the urethra. The infected testicle sometimes produces a bloody discharge, and its severe pain is markedly increased by any pressure, jarring or slight trauma. The pain forces the patient to drop his work and seek effective treatment. After diagnosing the difficulty, the physician may prescribe antibiotics, ice bag coverage, and occasionally incision and drainage in a surgical manner.

Tumor growth of the testicles, other than water cysts, are not very common after the age of fifty years. Most growth of the

Fig. 107. Scrota I hernia is simply a large ordinary hernia in the male. The protruding hernia mass, often the intestine, descends into the scrotum which may become the size of a football.

testicles that are cancerous in nature, are found during early youth and adolescence but there is no guarantee, that a growth of the testicle will not occur in the later years of life. Because of this, any growths or enlargements of the testicles, whether they be painful or not, should command an early visit to the physician for an examination.

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Cysts, Hydrocele, Spermatocele. Hydrocele and spermatocele, commonly called water cysts, occur frequently in the male genital tract. They are felt in either side of the scrotum as a smooth, balloon-like enlargement, which slowly may enlarge to the size of a lemon or orange. Although these cysts are usually painless,

Fig. 106. Hydrocele or water cyst of the spermatic cord presents a smooth, soft enlargement above the testicle. In a dark room, light shines through it easily, distinguishing it from other scrotat difficulties.

they frequently become a nuisance because of their size and location about the testicles.

The so-called water cysts, in the scrotum on the cord of the testicles, can easily be identified in the following manner: In a dark room, a flashlight is placed against the back of the scrotum, so that its rays shine through the scrotum. Water cysts will illuminate readily, whereas, the solid testicles or possibly other growth, appear as dark, non-illuminated masses.

Hydrocele is not a condition leading to malignancy or serious disease. A needle may be used to drain the enclosed fluid of the cyst for temporary relief, but afterward, the fluid nearly always reforms to fill the cyst again. The cysts are readily removed by simple surgical operation for lasting and satisfactory results.

Keywords: Skin, Head, Eye, Ear, Cancer, Face, Lips, Teeth, Thyroid, Chest, Breast, Lungs, Heart, Nail, Asthma, Tongue, Neck, BP, Migraine, Scalp, Eczema, Shingles

Chancroid-Ducrey Infection. Chancre-like sores on the penis and other parts of the body, often thought to be syphilitic in nature, are sometimes caused by non-venereal types of bacteria and organisms such as the Ducrey bacillus. There are other infective types of penile sores, sometimes closely resembling chancres, but not due to any particular bacteria, and thought possibly the result of simple chronic irritation.

Cancer of the Penis. Malignant growths of the penis are not common but they do occur occasionally and usually after the age of fifty. They appear most often on the head of the penis and are sometimes thought caused by chronic irritation from the contracted fore-skin of phimosis, mentioned previously. Cancers can start in a very unsuspicious manner, and are usually blamed on some coincidental and trivial accident. They may also be mistaken for syphilis or some simple infection, because in this region, cancers may look like sores in any other region of the body. Like all cancers however, they differ in one respect they do not heal. They may also be somewhat painful, have a tendency to bleed and to enlarge rapidly.

Cancer of the penis differs from many other cancers in one important distinction. It travels extremely fast and can spread throughout the body at a very early stage. Therefore, any sore on the penis, should be seen by the physician. This is especially true after the age of fifty, because it is only through very early diagnosis that effective treatment of cancer of the penis can be obtained.

Keywords: Skin, Head, Eye, Ear, Cancer, Face, Lips, Teeth, Thyroid, Chest, Breast, Lungs, Heart, Nail, Asthma, Tongue, Neck, BP, Migraine, Scalp, Eczema, Shingles

The male genitals are beset with a definite group of difficulties. Some of them are common in both young and old, but most of these troubles occur after the age of fifty. They may arise from infection, the physical state of the genital organs, malignant and non-malignant growth, erection difficulties and urinary problems due to prostatic disease.
Infection of the Penis. Infection at the end of the penis often occurs because the fore-skin cannot be retracted to expose the head of the penis for cleaning. This contracted and narrowed fore-skin, called phimosis, keeps the head of the penis wet, contaminated, and an ideal breeding ground for infection.

Infection of the penile skin may be due to scratching from fungus, louse, or bacterial infection. The dark, moist skin of the penis and groin invite not only infections common to skin all over the body, but also the fungus infections which seek damp, dark skin areas in which to breed.

Fig. 105. A penile sore usually brings up the question of venereal disease. However, the penis may be afflicted with skin diseases found anywhere on the body. It is only logical to wash hands before, as well as after, touching this organ.

A widely known infection inside the penis is gonorrhea, often called by other names. This infection can be acquired at almost any age, but usually from just one source-sexual relations with an infected person. The disease produces copious amounts of pus draining out of the urethra, starting about a day after sexual intercourse. The pussy discharge and accompanying burning urination last about one week, but will respond rapidly to the physician’s administration of the proper antibiotic.

Chancre of Syphilis. Syphilis, the venereal disease, down through the ages has been heralded by the chancre, a shallow, ulcerated, painless sore on the penis, which lasts two to three weeks. It develops about two weeks after sexual intercourse with an infected person, as a small pimple or boil, which soon breaks down into the shallow painless ulcer. Syphilis is then a systemic disease, with the causative spirochete circulating in the blood, in the salivary secretion, and in other parts of the body, and a blood test will show a positive serology to establish the definite diagnosis of syphilis.

Drugs now available are extremely effective in the treatment and cure of this disease, when properly administered by a physician, but repeated checks are desirable to determine the effectiveness of treatment.

Keywords: Skin, Head, Eye, Ear, Cancer, Face, Lips, Teeth, Thyroid, Chest, Breast, Lungs, Heart, Nail, Asthma, Tongue, Neck, BP, Migraine, Scalp, Eczema, Shingles

The Genital region

The genitals of both sexes are of great interest in later years. What can be expected as normal sexual activity after fifty seems almost a hidden question and an understanding of male and female physical problems is difficult to obtain.

Examination of the Male Region

Examination of the external genital system in the male requires only privacy, a well-lighted room which can be darkened, and a small flashlight.

Fig. 104. The male genital organs and urinary system are closely associated; while in sexual use, the urinary function of these organs is temporarily blocked. Because the testicle cannot function at body temperature, it is located outside the scrotum where temperatures are lower.

1. Examine the head of the penis for any reddened irritation or pus, after the prepuce skin is pulled back. Also observe any discharge of pus from the urethra, when the penis is squeezed gently. These findings possibly indicate internal infection of the penis or prostate.

2. Examine the entire skin of the penis and scrotum. Note here, any open sore, whether or not it is painful. These
skin findings include the possible chance of syphilis, the Ducrey bacillus chancroid, an early cancer of the penis,
boil-like infections or large sebaceous cysts (blackheads).

3. Examine the scrotal sac, which holds the testicles, in a dark room, by stretching the scrotum over the lens of a flash light. Feel any painless enlargement in the scrotum above the testicles, through which light passes easily. Light transparent enlargements in the scrotum may mean hydrocele or water cysts.

4. Examine the testicles within the scrotum. One testicle is normally higher than the other, but notice any pain in either testicle with gentle palpation or squeezing. Note also any apparent shrinkage or any firm enlargement in one
or both testicles. Such findings might indicate the presence of testicular tumors, atrophy, or infection.

5. Examine the urinating ability. Determine if there is a lengthened period of time required before urination begins, and compare the force of the urinary stream with earlier years. Note also any burning during or just after
the act of urination. Hesitant urination and weakened or burning urinary stream may mean prostatic difficulties.

Keywords: Skin, Head, Eye, Ear, Cancer, Face, Lips, Teeth, Thyroid, Chest, Breast, Lungs, Heart, Nail, Asthma, Tongue, Neck, BP, Migraine, Scalp, Eczema, Shingles