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Previously only men had the desire to get six pack abs and for achieving this they used to undergo rigorous exercise routines. But the times have changed since then. Women also like to get six pack abs, which many of them feel is a measure of their sexiness.

More and more women are into getting six pack abs training to get a muscular body. This, they feel gives them a good appearance. While getting six pack abs, one loses weight and becomes slim, so women think that losing weight gets them six pack abs. But they must familiarize with various means of weight loss before trying one.

Is Weight Loss the Key to Six-pack Abs

It is a fact that losing weight is an effective way of getting six pack abs. And for achieving this women can attend to some class on weight loss program or by taking the experts guidance. It should be borne in mind that not all such weight loss programs will give the desired results. You have to study the effectiveness of various programs and then decide on which program to adopt.

Fitness experts have categorized the available weight loss programs into two – the clinical and the non-clinical. Clinical category refers to the services provided in a healthcare centre by professionals such as Doctors, Nurses, Dietitians, and Psychologists who prescribe scientifically proven methods of weight loss treatment. Some such methods are physical activities, nutrition education, behavior change therapies, and surgeries.

In the non-Clinical category the person does not go to any health care centre. In this people form a support group or a community based projects where they require patients to use the various foods and supplements offered by the program. It is left to the patients whether they can follow the non-clinical type, of course with the guidance of a counselor, a website etc.

The woman can decide on the type of program depending on her schedule and need. Whichever type one follows, she has to ensure that the program will give the desired results. It is better to consult a licensed physician before zeroing upon a program and take his concurrence.

One can follow the weight loss diets which can promote processes of burning calories such as the “Atkins Nutritional Approach” allowing the patient to eat satisfying amounts of delicious and nutrient foods while customizing the program to specific individual needs, tastes and preferences; the “Bill Phillips Eating For Life,” based on four primary ingredients such as food, amount, combos, and times; “the Blood Type Diet” aiming to lose weight by matching the bodys biological profile through blood type, and the “NutriSystem” that manages diet through prepackaged foods that are ideal for people who want to achieve six-pack abs despite their busy schedules.

When you grow older you will notice your skin having a lot of marks, wrinkling, as well as getting age spots. All this can be less good looking and can cause damage to your confidence and cause depression.

So many products swear on reducing wrinkles, age spots, and other ageing signs and they claim to get you back to what you looked like when you were younger. However, most of the time, the claims are false.

Nevertheless, IQ Derma is a cream that claims to clear your skin from the first use and provides a speedy and fast recovery of your skin. Most of you would state that the cream does not work even after two months of usage, and this is the main reason why the cream works and it will take a month or so to start acting on your wrinkles.

IQ Derma comes with a whole range of skin products that work towards getting your skin to look younger. The aging cream is, however, the most important aging cream.

The main contents in this cream are peptide matricidal 3000 that helps restore the beauty of your skin as well as reduces wrinkles.

There is a wide range of products that help in taking care of your skin. Be it acne, dry lips, or blemishes these products from Dermstores will do the trick.

The most popular product deals with wrinkles, dark circles, as well as ageing around the eyes. The clients and the reviews have only great things to say about this cream.

Suppose you are having trouble with your skin and the way it appears you can use one of the Dermstores products. You will gain confidence as you can feel great looking skin that looks much younger.

You can also try out free samples that they offer if you want to try it out before purchasing it. All that you lose would be skin marks as well as wrinkles.

Our modern era has become significant for rapid rise of skin cancer incidence. Two major factors in this sudden increase are environmental pollution and depletion of ozone layer that protects us.Though genetic factors, exposure to risky chemicals cause cancer of the skin, the most pro active thing is not to over expose oneself to too much of the suns ultra violet rays. A small amount of sun light is healthy for the body but too much of it dangerous and risky.We should not think that by avoiding extensive sun bathing we are safe. But even every day exposure over a very long period will be risky. The following suggestions are very important for all to follow and put into action.

1) These standard suggestions include, avoid prolonged work from morning ten to evening four when the suns UV rays are the strongest. Even cool and cloudy days bring the suns UV rays and the body absorbs them. According to science nearly 85% of the suns rays can penetrate the clouds and come down.

2) Though invest in sun screens, they do not filter out all ultra violet radiation. Sun screens with titanium dioxide and mexoryl are better than the average ones at blackening UVA rays. A broad spectrum specification with a SPF of 15 or higher is very good.

Ensure that all exposed parts of the skin including the lips, tips of the ears, backs of the hands and neck are covered by sun screen. For optimum coverage apply it about 30 minutes before going out and around every two to three hours time there after. Reapply the lotion after swimming. Sun screens offer only protection to us. So put on only light colored tightly oven clothing. Put on a wide brimmed hat and sun glasses that block both UVA and UVB rays

3) Avoid tanning beds as they emit UVA rays that pierce through deep into the skin layer and increase pre cancerous skin lesions.

4) Dont take any medications that make the skin more sun sensitive like antibiotics, some diabetic, high cholesterol and blood pressure drugs and anti inflammatory drugs like ibuprofen, check with your pharmacist and doctor and be extra careful.

5) Avoid too much and prolonged exposure to halogen lighting as these also emit UV rays. Maintain a distance of at least 20 inches from 20 watt bulbs and three to six feet from 35 to 50 watt bulbs. Check the skin regularly to find any new and suspicious spot early.

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When it comes to the various methods of snoring prevention, it is strikingly similar to prescribing diets, as both will not be effective all the time for all the persons. Snoring is caused due to variety of conditions and medical experts are still baffled and could not arrive at a conclusive evidence or reason for snoring. And this makes the snoring prevention search a continuous venture.

Whenever a person gets into sleep, the body muscles get into a relaxed state and the tissues that are present in the upper palate area of the throat will also get relaxed. These relaxed palate tissues fall back from their position and thus block the throat airway and when the breathed in air pass through such a constricted airway it will vibrate the soft tissues and the vibration is nothing but the snoring. When the vibration of tissues is mild then the snoring will not be very marked, where as in case of severe vibration, the snorted out sound will be heard as loud snoring and only for this type of snoring the snoring prevention is a must.

Many people despite their varied knowledge and exposure fail or refuse to accept that snoring can be an indication of some other health-related issue such as obstructive sleep apnea. When a person suffer from obstructive sleep apnea, the throat area will be constricted and the person will also skip breathing momentarily.

Due to steep fall in blood s oxygen level caused due to this momentary stoppage of breathing, the person will suddenly wake up gasping and breathe fast and once again falls asleep without being conscious about their bated breath and wake up state. This cycle will get repeated for many times in the same night and as a result the person will not get enough sleep to rejuvenate his/her body.

Treating snoring can be carried out with various ways and methods and it is better you get your snoring diagnosed properly before resorting to any curative treatments. For example, if your snoring is related to the underlying sleep apnea then only a qualified medical practitioner alone could give proper treatment for you.

Not all Snoring is Dangerous

Though snoring can indicate some of the underlying health related complications, there is no necessity that all snoring can be disastrous. Many times persons who are under the influence of alcohol or sedatives will tend to snore and when they stop consuming alcohol or avoid the sedatives, their snoring will also subside and eventually get stopped.

So if your snoring is related to any of these reasons, then you can simply avoid alcohol or sedatives just before going to bed and this will cure you from your snoring.

Occasional snorers can rely on various readily available snoring prevention remedies such as anti-snoring sprays and you can use this all-natural ingredient preparation to spray on your inner throat area before retiring to bed. The spray will tighten the soft palate tissues and hence your airway will be free of any block and thereby stop you from snoring. Note to follow the instruction on the label for good results.

Today, in market there are few dental devices that when worn by you can help you to keep your jaws in such a position that it will stop snoring in you. Some people even prefer wearing a full-head device so as to keep their mouth shut during sleep so as to avoid any accidental breathing through their mouth. Use of nasal clips can also assist you in keeping your nasal air passage open and without any blocks and this can help in avoiding snoring.

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This examination is best carried out lying on the back with the knees well bent and held wide apart. With good light and a large hand mirror, the external vagina and its component parts can be visualized easily.

Fig. 111. Much of the female genital system, excluding the vagina, is within the abdomen. Only the vaginal entrance is visible externally, without the aid of instruments.

1. Examine the skin of the vulva, the labia majora and minora, surrounding and enfolding the entrance of the vaginal vault. Note any irritation, redness, ulceration, or sore on these skin structures, along with areas of drying, leathery whitening or skin cracking. These possibilities may mean leukoplakia or cancer of the vulva.

2. Feel the labia themselves, and note any one-sided ball-like enlargement under the skin, creating a bulge which may possibly be sore. An enlargement here may be a Bartholin cyst.

3. Look closely at the condition of the urinary exit, the dimpled-like opening just inside of the entrance into the deeper vagina. Observe any polyp-like reddened or bleeding growth about it. The possibility here is a urethral
polyp or caruncle.

4. Examine closely the entrance of the true, or deep vagina. An irritated blanched and cracking skin, covered possibly with a coating of pus or streaked with blood, is the appearance of vaginitis when it occurs.

LABIA MAJORA
CLITORIS
LABIA MINORA
ORIFICE OF VAGINA
URINARY OPENING

Fig. 112. External female genitalia include only the unimportant skin folds about the vaginal entrance. The urinary tract exit is visible recessed into this region. Most diseases of the external genitals are not serious.

5. With a hand separating the labia on each side, strain with great effort as in child birth or at stool, and note any balloon-like or other structure from the vagina coming into view. Such structures may be a fallen bladder, called a cystocele, a fallen uterus, called a prolapsed uterus, or a fallen rectum, called a rectocele.

6. After gentle soap and water cleaning of the vagina and hands, insert one finger into the vagina and feel the rounded cervix, high in the vaginal vault. Normally, the tissue here is soft and smooth, and any grossly rough, ir
regular or bleeding areas may include the possibilities of cancer or cervicitis.

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Cancer of the Prostate Gland. Cancer of the prostate gland behaves exactly like non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate, and is treated in essentially the same manner-removal of the gland. Cancer, however, which has a characteristic feel to the finger, and a distinguishing appearance under the microscope, can spread to other sections of the body, just like any other cancer.

There is divided opinion about the prevalence of pros-tatic cancer, but some authorities state that nearly one-half of all males over sixty develop cancer in the prostate, of a low degree of malignancy.

The treatment of prostate cancer in addition to its removal, includes the use of hormones effective in slowing these growths considerably. Obviously such treatment is very technical and can be obtained only through a physician familiar with prostatic diseases.

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Growths of the Prostate. One of the most common and troublesome difficulties for males beyond the age of fifty is non-

Fig. 109. The prostate gland’s tendency to enlarge with age can cause great difficulty with urination. Because the narrow urinary channel runs through the prostate, pressure from an enlarging growth may completely blockade the urine’s outlet. Surgical removal cures the condition.

cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland which creates urinating difficulties known the world over. Developing gradually from an unknown cause, the symptoms begin as a slow starting stream of urine, which becomes greatly weakened and at times even dribbling. There might be a full minute or more of waiting before urination commences, and the weak urinary stream is only a faint shadow of the forceful stream of urination known in youth.

The enlarging prostate not only obstructs the urinary flow, but also makes nearly impossible complete emptying of the bladder which, like a half emptied glass of water, is refilled quickly. This makes frequent urination necessary, sleep is interrupted possibly five to ten times a night. With each urination, however, only a small portion of the urine present escapes from the overfilled bladder and the urge to urinate quickly returns. Several aids of doubtful value, in common practice to encourage urinating ability, include the psychological benefit of running water from a nearby faucet and sitting in a tub of warm water.

Prostate growth difficulties often follow an uneven course, worse one day than another, but progressive worsening may eventually find these people unable to urinate at all, and a state of semi-emergency arises. At this stage a mechanical drainage of urine from the bladder must be done by introducing a small tube through the urethra into the urinary bladder, to provide an orifice for the escape of the entrapped urine.

The permanent cure of prostate hypertrophy, calls for the mechanical removal of the prostate tissue which is squeezing and obstructing the urinary channel. This operation, called prostatectomy, is usually done directly through the urethra itself, by means of a slender electrical cautery specially devised for this purpose. Removal of the prostate gland, properly done, restores urinary function as known in youth. This operation does not interfere with sexual relations, so far as erection of the penis is concerned, but it does usually render a male sterile. As most prostate gland operations are done after fifty or sixty years of age, sterility is usually not of great concern.

Fig. 110. Once the prostate gland is removed, the urinary stream again becomes forceful.

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Prostate difficulties

Infection of the Prostate. Most prostate infections are incurred during youth in the active sexual years and are caused

PROSTATE NORMAL

Fig. 108. The prostate gland has a minor sexual and hormonal function. The urine must pass through the prostate gland as through a worm hole in an apple. An infection or growth may close this narrow channel.

by gonorrhea and similar infections. However, in later years, prostate infections are more often due to focal points of infection, such as the teeth or tonsils. When the prostate gland harbors infection, it tends to spread, not only into the urinary tract, but to the rest of the body as well. In youth, or in later years, prostate infection is very stubborn and difficult to eradicate completely. It is often the underlying cause of arthritis and headaches, and complete cure of this infection becomes very important.

Treatment of prostate infections cannot be accomplished by drinking large amounts of water, flushing the kidneys or other simple remedies. The complete cure of these infections is often very difficult and time consuming, even for the experienced physician who must direct the patient through many weeks of scheduled treatment before effective cure is certain.

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Erection Difficulties. After the age of fifty, varying with the individual, erection of the penis, and sexual activity, are not as frequent as in earlier years. Unusual episodes through the years, such as accidents may also affect this function considerably.

As a result of trauma, scar tissue can form on the penis and a painful erection called Peyronie’s Disease may result. The scar tissue along one side of the penis will not stretch, and creates a curve in the penis of such magnitude that intercourse is difficult or impossible. The scar tissue in these cases is very dense, and is similar to the scar contraction sometimes seen in the palm of hard-working men. Because the scar tends to contract, and has no ability to stretch, erection difficulty becomes very great and requires considerable medical skill for any kind of satisfactory treatment.

An erection that is normal except that it is painful and unrelated to sexual function is known as priapism. This difficulty is often seen in the later years of life, and is usually due to some body disease which affects the nervous system, the blood, or the penis itself. The treatment of priapism demands careful and complete physical examination to determine, if possible, the bodily disease responsible for this and perhaps other conditions.

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Scrotal Hernia, Rupture into the Scrotum. Long-standing hernias or ruptures frequently descend into the scrotum and create enlargement of the scrotal sac. When standing or straining, the mass appears to fall outside of the lower abdomen, underneath the skin, and find its way into the scrotum, which then may balloon-up to the size of an orange or more. Usually these enlargements return to the abdomen when lying down, or when pressure is placed under the enlargement in the scrotum.

Hernia is an age-old condition that has been treated by numerous means. The simplest thing to do is to wear a truss, but they are often exceptionally cumbersome, frequently quite painful and usually limit the physical ability through necessary tightness of the truss.

A truss will not heal a hernia, and any such claim is misleading. It is common to find men who have worn a truss twenty or more years in an attempt to “fix” their rupture, but they finally realize the hernia has been slowly enlarging all along. Only a few who wear a truss for hernia, are satisfied with the end results.

Other treatments for hernia have been injections of various waxes and sands into the hernia itself. This form of treatment has had occasional success, but more often produces undesirable results or makes the hernia condition even worse. Fortunately, these practices are almost extinct today.

Surgical operation for rupture is most satisfactory. There is complete healing, complete comfort, and a strengthened body wall usually follows the hernia operation. It is thought, that within six months of a surgical hernia repair, the repaired region will have grown stronger than the same region of the average person. These operations are not completely fool-proof, but it is by far the most satisfactory treatment available for hernia.

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Testicle Diseases-Absence, Pain, Tumors. Absence of the testicle at any age is nearly always a physical defect, present since childhood. It is usually an undescended testicle, which has remained unnoticed in the abdomen. Many men with just one external testicle have fathered several children, and have noticed no lack of virility through the absence of one testicle.

The atrophic, smaller size of one testicle, often noticed in adult men, is most often the result of serious virus infections in childhood-especially mumps. The smaller sized testicle remains the same throughout life, but has no significance so far as male hormone, virility, or sexual ability is concerned. The affection of both testicles in this manner, however, usually renders a man sterile.

Pain in the testicle is quite common, because it is a very sensitive organ, and trauma or other pressure causes immediate and severe pain. The sudden onset of unexplained severe pain of the testicle however, usually heralds an infection within the testicle or its tract, the epididymis, especially if accompanied by a mild blood discharge from the urethra. The infected testicle sometimes produces a bloody discharge, and its severe pain is markedly increased by any pressure, jarring or slight trauma. The pain forces the patient to drop his work and seek effective treatment. After diagnosing the difficulty, the physician may prescribe antibiotics, ice bag coverage, and occasionally incision and drainage in a surgical manner.

Tumor growth of the testicles, other than water cysts, are not very common after the age of fifty years. Most growth of the

Fig. 107. Scrota I hernia is simply a large ordinary hernia in the male. The protruding hernia mass, often the intestine, descends into the scrotum which may become the size of a football.

testicles that are cancerous in nature, are found during early youth and adolescence but there is no guarantee, that a growth of the testicle will not occur in the later years of life. Because of this, any growths or enlargements of the testicles, whether they be painful or not, should command an early visit to the physician for an examination.

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Cysts, Hydrocele, Spermatocele. Hydrocele and spermatocele, commonly called water cysts, occur frequently in the male genital tract. They are felt in either side of the scrotum as a smooth, balloon-like enlargement, which slowly may enlarge to the size of a lemon or orange. Although these cysts are usually painless,

Fig. 106. Hydrocele or water cyst of the spermatic cord presents a smooth, soft enlargement above the testicle. In a dark room, light shines through it easily, distinguishing it from other scrotat difficulties.

they frequently become a nuisance because of their size and location about the testicles.

The so-called water cysts, in the scrotum on the cord of the testicles, can easily be identified in the following manner: In a dark room, a flashlight is placed against the back of the scrotum, so that its rays shine through the scrotum. Water cysts will illuminate readily, whereas, the solid testicles or possibly other growth, appear as dark, non-illuminated masses.

Hydrocele is not a condition leading to malignancy or serious disease. A needle may be used to drain the enclosed fluid of the cyst for temporary relief, but afterward, the fluid nearly always reforms to fill the cyst again. The cysts are readily removed by simple surgical operation for lasting and satisfactory results.

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Chancroid-Ducrey Infection. Chancre-like sores on the penis and other parts of the body, often thought to be syphilitic in nature, are sometimes caused by non-venereal types of bacteria and organisms such as the Ducrey bacillus. There are other infective types of penile sores, sometimes closely resembling chancres, but not due to any particular bacteria, and thought possibly the result of simple chronic irritation.

Cancer of the Penis. Malignant growths of the penis are not common but they do occur occasionally and usually after the age of fifty. They appear most often on the head of the penis and are sometimes thought caused by chronic irritation from the contracted fore-skin of phimosis, mentioned previously. Cancers can start in a very unsuspicious manner, and are usually blamed on some coincidental and trivial accident. They may also be mistaken for syphilis or some simple infection, because in this region, cancers may look like sores in any other region of the body. Like all cancers however, they differ in one respect they do not heal. They may also be somewhat painful, have a tendency to bleed and to enlarge rapidly.

Cancer of the penis differs from many other cancers in one important distinction. It travels extremely fast and can spread throughout the body at a very early stage. Therefore, any sore on the penis, should be seen by the physician. This is especially true after the age of fifty, because it is only through very early diagnosis that effective treatment of cancer of the penis can be obtained.

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The male genitals are beset with a definite group of difficulties. Some of them are common in both young and old, but most of these troubles occur after the age of fifty. They may arise from infection, the physical state of the genital organs, malignant and non-malignant growth, erection difficulties and urinary problems due to prostatic disease.
Infection of the Penis. Infection at the end of the penis often occurs because the fore-skin cannot be retracted to expose the head of the penis for cleaning. This contracted and narrowed fore-skin, called phimosis, keeps the head of the penis wet, contaminated, and an ideal breeding ground for infection.

Infection of the penile skin may be due to scratching from fungus, louse, or bacterial infection. The dark, moist skin of the penis and groin invite not only infections common to skin all over the body, but also the fungus infections which seek damp, dark skin areas in which to breed.

Fig. 105. A penile sore usually brings up the question of venereal disease. However, the penis may be afflicted with skin diseases found anywhere on the body. It is only logical to wash hands before, as well as after, touching this organ.

A widely known infection inside the penis is gonorrhea, often called by other names. This infection can be acquired at almost any age, but usually from just one source-sexual relations with an infected person. The disease produces copious amounts of pus draining out of the urethra, starting about a day after sexual intercourse. The pussy discharge and accompanying burning urination last about one week, but will respond rapidly to the physician’s administration of the proper antibiotic.

Chancre of Syphilis. Syphilis, the venereal disease, down through the ages has been heralded by the chancre, a shallow, ulcerated, painless sore on the penis, which lasts two to three weeks. It develops about two weeks after sexual intercourse with an infected person, as a small pimple or boil, which soon breaks down into the shallow painless ulcer. Syphilis is then a systemic disease, with the causative spirochete circulating in the blood, in the salivary secretion, and in other parts of the body, and a blood test will show a positive serology to establish the definite diagnosis of syphilis.

Drugs now available are extremely effective in the treatment and cure of this disease, when properly administered by a physician, but repeated checks are desirable to determine the effectiveness of treatment.

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The Genital region

The genitals of both sexes are of great interest in later years. What can be expected as normal sexual activity after fifty seems almost a hidden question and an understanding of male and female physical problems is difficult to obtain.

Examination of the Male Region

Examination of the external genital system in the male requires only privacy, a well-lighted room which can be darkened, and a small flashlight.

Fig. 104. The male genital organs and urinary system are closely associated; while in sexual use, the urinary function of these organs is temporarily blocked. Because the testicle cannot function at body temperature, it is located outside the scrotum where temperatures are lower.

1. Examine the head of the penis for any reddened irritation or pus, after the prepuce skin is pulled back. Also observe any discharge of pus from the urethra, when the penis is squeezed gently. These findings possibly indicate internal infection of the penis or prostate.

2. Examine the entire skin of the penis and scrotum. Note here, any open sore, whether or not it is painful. These
skin findings include the possible chance of syphilis, the Ducrey bacillus chancroid, an early cancer of the penis,
boil-like infections or large sebaceous cysts (blackheads).

3. Examine the scrotal sac, which holds the testicles, in a dark room, by stretching the scrotum over the lens of a flash light. Feel any painless enlargement in the scrotum above the testicles, through which light passes easily. Light transparent enlargements in the scrotum may mean hydrocele or water cysts.

4. Examine the testicles within the scrotum. One testicle is normally higher than the other, but notice any pain in either testicle with gentle palpation or squeezing. Note also any apparent shrinkage or any firm enlargement in one
or both testicles. Such findings might indicate the presence of testicular tumors, atrophy, or infection.

5. Examine the urinating ability. Determine if there is a lengthened period of time required before urination begins, and compare the force of the urinary stream with earlier years. Note also any burning during or just after
the act of urination. Hesitant urination and weakened or burning urinary stream may mean prostatic difficulties.

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Brown urine which turns black on standing contains the body pigment melanin and may mean a tumor growth in the body. Clear urine which turns black on standing or after drying on cloth might indicate the rare disease ochronosis, which produces a bluish-black pigment in the whites of the eyes and about the ears and nose. A blue color, an occasional reddish tint and even a yellowish green fluorescence in the dark, may occur from ingesting certain elements often used in laxatives and vitamins.

The normal urine forms a slight white foam when shaken moderately. If considerable foam forms, almost like a soap solution, there is probably protein in the urine, indicating disease. If the foam in the urine is yellow, it is probable again that bile has entered the urine. The odor of urine is characteristic, well-known and after standing for several hours, changes in the urine normally bring about an ammonia odor. An odor of sweet fruit in the urine is an indication of acetone and most probably means severe diabetes. A foul odor sometimes noticed in urine results almost entirely from infection.

A simple test for sugar in the urine is tasting it. A drop on the fingertips, if tasted, usually reveals the presence of sugar. This of course, may mean diabetes, in which sugar is so frequently found in the urine. A matter of continual interest in the urine, is its acidity or alkalinity. In health the urine reflects the body’s normal acidity, exactly as it is in the blood stream and this measurement is routinely ascertained in laboratory urine analysis. When the body goes through punishing episodes, such as pneumonia or diabetes, the body itself becomes a trifle on the acid side and the urine responds by quickly excreting the excess acid to again bring the body acid balance back to its normal level. In other instances, especially in ulcer patients, the body may become more alkaline than is usual, because of long periods of alkaline medications for stomach difficulties. The urine then becomes distinctly more alkaline to again help the body regain its acid alkaline balance.

Personal testing of urine for acidity or alkalinity is now easily possible by using inexpensive litmus paper which indicates acid levels of urine through changes in its color. Most drug stores carry some form of litmus paper. These personal observations bring to light many abnormalities of urine but do not make a complete or definite diagnosis of certain disease. However, obvious abnormalities in the urine as described above, should not be overlooked through sheer ignorance, as such findings are clear warnings that something has gone amiss within the body and that it is time for the schooled study and opinion of the physician.

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The Urine

Through the ages, the urine has always been held in high esteem as an index of the body’s state of health. Its variations, amount, color, odor and clarity have meant many things to many men, but usually the importance of the urine as an indicator of disease, has been much over estimated. There are specific laboratory tests of many kinds, each designed to wrest from the urine a fact or two which may indicate certain forms of disorder to the doctor schooled in medicine. These laboratory tests in medical circles are a study in themselves, but the person unschooled in medical ways can know several important facts about his health, with only an elementary study of urine.

The volume of the daily urine in the average adult is about one and one-half quarts, depending, of course, upon habits of fluid intake. This can be easily measured by a simple recording of the urine’s volume with the use of a quart bottle. At times a large increase in the volume of the urine results from over indulgence, overeating or perhaps occasional fleeting diseases. However, a constant large increase in daily urine amounts, far exceeding one and one-half quarts may indicate the possibility of certain diseases, especially after the age of fifty years. Some of these disease possibilities are uremia, hyperthyroidism, diabetes or simply nervous people drinking too much water.

The time of urination reveals that about four times as much urine is secreted in the daytime as during sleep. This is because most of the day happens to be waking hours rather than sleeping time, and also because drinking of fluids stops during the sleeping hours. Abnormally large amounts of urine may be encountered during the sleeping hours, and occasionally are found due to poor kidney function, or beginning heart failure, where collection of fluids within the body are held until a lying-down position is assumed.

The appearance of normal urine is clear, without any haziness or sediment which may float on the urine or settle to the bottom. When the urine is cloudy or hazy, this appearance may be significant of pus, blood, crystals, or bacteria themselves. Normal urine is straw colored, but it may change to nearly any color which is probably its most noticeable variation a person will observe. A red color is usually due to blood, coming from the kidney, bladder, prostate gland, or the testicles. This, of course, is a serious finding with possibly great significance. A deep yellow or brown colored urine frequently means bile in the urine. Bile enters the urine when a person becomes jaundiced, because bile intended for excretion into bowel matter is forced in to the urinary stream.

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Kidney Stones. A stone in the kidneys is fairly common and may occur in youth though it is more frequent in the senior years of life. Stones are caused by many different factors, some of which include faulty body metabolism of minerals like calcium, bone diseases, parathyroid disease and possibly kidney in-

Fig. 103. The genito-urinary system is concerned with regeneration and clearing impurities from the bloodstream. Kidney stones can produce pain from a mild ache to a knife-like horror, mostly felt in the back under the lowest ribs but possibly extending to the testicles. The, stones may remain “silent” for many years. The “water” system also is a very delicate balancing machinery, preventing acidity or alkalinity.

fections themselves. Pain of the kidney stone is most characteristic. It is usually a severe cramp-like pain, felt in back and traveling around to the front and down the abdomen, into the scrotum of the male, or the sides of the vagina in the female. Such pain is characteristic and practically diagnoses itself as kidney and urinary tract pain. Often at this stage, a stone in the urinary tract can be seen with the x-ray, and following the cramp-like pain, the patient may pass a gravel-like stone in his urine. If the stone cannot pass itself, it may be necessary to remove it surgically, with the size of the stone often determining what form of treatment is required. The prevention of kidney stones is most difficult, but in people who have already experienced such trouble, relief may be found in a way of life, eliminating certain foods and incorporating others in the diet. The physician must be consulted for treatment of stones or a risk will be present which possibly means a rapid deterioration of kidney functions.

Uremia. Uremia is a well-known disease caused by a failure of kidney function to clear out many waste substances which otherwise pile up in the blood and eventually produce unconsciousness and death. The disease is produced if the kidneys are suddenly lost as through an accident, but will also occur over a long period from diseases which slowly deteriorate kidney function. Uremia progresses as kidney function falls to less than thirty percent of its original ability.

Uremia is a difficult disease to recognize and also to treat. As it begins, its sufferers might appear sleepy, lethargic and mentally unbalanced. In its very latest stages, there often appears the characteristic uremic frost, a fine powdery snow or frost about the skin of the uremic patient. Long before this stage however, the person with uremia has usually lapsed into an unconscious state.

Treatment of uremia is very technical and possible only by the physician. It is diagnosable with accuracy only after definite laboratory tests have been performed to indicate the presence and extent of kidney failure. It is of interest that the disease uremia has become so well established as general knowledge in the minds of so many people.

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Nephritis. Diseases of the kidney tissue, itself due to infection or degeneration, frequently are termed nephritis or Bright’s Disease. This group of kidney diseases involves the tiny blood vessels, tubes and tissue of the kidney and produces toxins which circulate through the entire body. These infections usually due to the streptococcus bacteria, can range from a mild insignificant infection to one which is overwhelming and serious. Though they may start in youthful years, these infections may not present their most serious effects until later years when the kidney is possibly and suddenly found completely worn out by years of continuing infection.

Infections in the kidney of the nephritis group invite diseases of the heart and blood vessels, especially high blood pressure with its attending difficulties. Pain is sometimes absent, but frequently is felt in the back, just under the ribs on the affected side. Blood is usually present in a cloudy appearing urine, and fever is often the most prominent and obvious symptom. Treatment of kidney infection cannot be effected by advertised mineral waters or kidney pills, claimed to flush out the kidneys. Successful treatment of kidney disease demands expert and rigid medical therapy from a physician well versed in kidney diseases.

Pyelitis. Infection of the kidney’s urinary tract, called pyelitis, involves the “end” of the kidneys, after the urine has been formed. It usually is not found alone, but associated with infection of the entire kidney organ, and is often noticed by the sufferer himself who may find blood or pus in the urine and have considerable burning pain during urination. Pain of the kidney alone is often felt in the back and sides and to many people this type of pain identifies kidney pain.

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The Kidney

In the back of the abdomen lies the kidney, the main portion of our urinary system, designed to excrete from the body poisonous wastes along with excesses of water, salt, acids and other body chemicals. In health, the kidneys work silently and call no attention to their important functions, but disease causes them to cry out in the language of pain, fever, and bloody urine.

Fig. 102. The kidney may be seen in the posterior part of the abdomen if the intestine is removed. The kidney has six times enough function to support life, but total loss of kidney activity means uremia and death.

Kidney pain is most often felt in the back just under the lowest ribs, possibly extending around and down into the testicles. It varies from the mild ache of a slight infection to a knife-like horror in serious infection or in passage of a kidney stone.

Fever in a severe kidney infection often reaches 103 with severe chills, while a smouldering, long-standing infection may produce only a half-degree fever in the afternoons. When fever is due to kidney difficulties, urinary and other kidney symptoms are also present to help identify it.

Blood in the urine in minute amounts is usually not visible. In slightly larger quantities, however, it begins appearing as a smokey rust, and darkens with greater quantities to finally assume the color of blood itself. Passing blood may be only an isolated instance and perhaps entirely painless, but it is always of great significance and should be thoroughly and quickly investigated.

The kidney structure embraces a tremendous number of small blood vessels and any disease of the blood vessels, therefore, also involves the kidneys. This is particularly true of high blood pressure, hardening of the arteries and diabetes.

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